The observer looks through vertical slits around the sides to view the moving images on the opposite side as the cylinder spins. It was a cylindrical spinning device with several frames of animation printed on a paper strip placed around the interior circumference. It operates on the same principle as the phenakistoscope. The zoetrope concept was suggested in 1834 by William George Horner, and from the 1860s marketed as the zoetrope. As the phenakistoscope spins, a viewer looks through the slots at the reflection of the drawings, are momentarily visible when a slot passes by the viewer’s eye. The device would be placed in front of a mirror and spun. Slots are cut out of the disk on the same radii as the drawings, but at a different distance from the center. STICK FIGURE ANIMATOR OSKAR SERIESIt consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radii evenly spaced around the center of the disk. It was invented in 1831, simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer. The phenakistoscope was an early animation device. Ī phenakistoscope disc byEadweard Muybridge (1893). The earliest known actual magic lanterns are usually credited to Christiaan Huygens or Athanasius Kircher. The origin of the magic lantern is debated, but in the 15th century the Venetian inventor Giovanni Fontana published an illustration of a device that projected the image of a demon in his Liber Instrumentorum. Some slides for the lanterns contained moving parts, which makes the magic lantern the earliest known example of projected animation. It was often used to project demonic, frightening images in a phantasmagoria that convinced people they were witnessing the supernatural. In a darkened room, the image would appear projected onto an adjacent flat surface. It consisted of a translucent oil painting, a simple lens and a candle or oil lamp. The magic lantern is an early predecessor of the modern day projector. Many of these devices are still built by and for film students learning the basic principles of animation. For this reason they were considered toys rather than devices for a large scale entertainment industry like later animation. The majority of these devices didn’t project their images, and accordingly could only be viewed by a single person at any one time. These devices were used to entertain, amaze, and sometimes even frighten people. Numerous devices that successfully displayed animated images were introduced well before the advent of the motion picture. Nonetheless, the practice of illustrating movement over time by creating a series of images arranged in chronological order provided a foundation for the development of the art. Because the drawings show only small changes from one image to the next, together they imply the movement of a single figure.Īlthough some of these early examples may seem similar to a series of animation drawings, the contemporary lack of any means to show them in motion and their extremely low frame rate causes them to fall short of being true animation. The sequence shows multiple angles of the figure as it rotates and the arm extends. 1510) extending over two folios in the Windsor Collection, Anatomical Studies of the Muscles of the Neck, Shoulder, Chest, and Arm, have detailed renderings of the upper body and less-detailed facial features. Īncient Chinese records contain several mentions of devices, including one made by the inventor Ding Huan, that were said to “give an impression of movement” to a series of human or animal figures on them, but these accounts are unclear and may only refer to the actual movement of the figures through space. Īn Egyptian mural approximately 4000 years old, found in the tomb of Khnumhotep at the Beni Hassan cemetery, features a very long series of images that apparently depict the sequence of events in a wrestling match. The bowl has five images painted around it that show phases of a goat leaping up to nip at a tree. Sequence of images that minimally differ from each other – from the site of the Burnt City in Iran, late half of 3rd millennium B.C.Īnother example is a 5,200-year old pottery bowl discovered in Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran.
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